Application of PolyPRep tools on HIV protease polyproteins using molecular docking / Aplicação da ferramenta PolyPRep em poliproteínas de protease de HIV usando docking molecular

Abstract In recent years, the development of high-throughput technologies for obtaining sequence data leveraged the possibility of analysis of protein data in silico. However, when it comes to viral polyprotein interaction studies, there is a gap in the representation of those proteins, given their size and length. The prepare for studies using state-of-the-art techniques such as Machine Learning, a good representation of such proteins is a must. We present an alternative to this problem, implementing a fragmentation and modeling protocol to prepare those polyproteins in the form of peptide fragments. Such procedure is made by several scripts, implemented together on the workflow we call PolyPRep, a tool written in Python script and available in GitHub. This software is freely available only for noncommercial users.

Resumo Nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de alto rendimento para obtenção de dados sequenciais potencializou a possibilidade de análise de dados proteicos in silico. No entanto, quando se trata de estudos de interação de poliproteínas virais, existe uma lacuna na representação dessas proteínas, devido ao seu tamanho e comprimento. Para estudos utilizando técnicas de ponta como o Aprendizado de Máquina, uma boa representação dessas proteínas é imprescindível. Apresentamos uma alternativa para este problema, implementando um protocolo de fragmentação e modelagem para preparar essas poliproteínas na forma de fragmentos de peptídeos. Tal procedimento é feito por diversos scripts, implementados em conjunto no workflow que chamamos de PolyPRep, uma ferramenta escrita em script Python e disponível no GitHub. Este software está disponível gratuitamente apenas para usuários não comerciais.

Proposta de impressão em 3-D de ossos de pessoas idosas vitimadas de fratura: Considerações preliminares / Proposal for 3-D printing of bones from elderly people suffering from fractures: Preliminary considerations / Propuesta de impresión 3D de huesos de personas mayores con fracturas: Consideraciones preliminares

No ano de 1984, foi criada a primeira impressora do tipo 3-D pelo engenheiro de origem norte-americana, Dr. Charles Hull, sendo que, antes disso, mais especificamente a quatro (04) anos, o japonês Dr. Hideo Kodama, desenvolveu a técnica de estereolitografia, que consistia em uma prototipagem rápida, possuindo enquanto intuito, "criar" objetos usando para este intento, luz ultravioleta (UV), ou ainda, um projetor para endurecer uma resina do tipo líquida em plástico sólido e resistente, ficando posteriormente conhecida como a sigla SLA.1,2 Após dois (02) anos, em 1986, Hull patenteou a SLA e, com isso, ele teve a oportunidade de desenvolver a "3-D Systems Corp", presente até hoje, sendo está uma das maiores empresas do ramo e, desta forma, o primeiro objeto então escolhido pelo Dr. Hull para ser impresso, foi uma lâmpada feita com resina, um plástico sintético.

Application of PolyPRep tools on HIV protease polyproteins using molecular docking

Abstract In recent years, the development of high-throughput technologies for obtaining sequence data leveraged the possibility of analysis of protein data in silico. However, when it comes to viral polyprotein interaction studies, there is a gap in the representation of those proteins, given their size and length. The prepare for studies using state-of-the-art techniques such as Machine Learning, a good representation of such proteins is a must. We present an alternative to this problem, implementing a fragmentation and modeling protocol to prepare those polyproteins in the form of peptide fragments. Such procedure is made by several scripts, implemented together on the workflow we call PolyPRep, a tool written in Python script and available in GitHub. This software is freely available only for noncommercial users.

Resumo Nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de alto rendimento para obtenção de dados sequenciais potencializou a possibilidade de análise de dados proteicos in silico. No entanto, quando se trata de estudos de interação de poliproteínas virais, existe uma lacuna na representação dessas proteínas, devido ao seu tamanho e comprimento. Para estudos utilizando técnicas de ponta como o Aprendizado de Máquina, uma boa representação dessas proteínas é imprescindível. Apresentamos uma alternativa para este problema, implementando um protocolo de fragmentação e modelagem para preparar essas poliproteínas na forma de fragmentos de peptídeos. Tal procedimento é feito por diversos scripts, implementados em conjunto no workflow que chamamos de PolyPRep, uma ferramenta escrita em script Python e disponível no GitHub. Este software está disponível gratuitamente apenas para usuários não comerciais.

Microtensile bond strength of resin cements to 3-D printed and milled temporary restorative resins / Resistencia de unión en microtracción de cementos resinosos a resinas para provisionales impresas y fresadas

Abstract To evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of two resin cements to 3D printed and milled CAD/CAM resins used for provisional fixed partial dentures. Blocks (5 x 5 x 5 mm) of three 3D-printed resins (Cosmos3DTemp / Yller; Resilab3D Temp / Wilcos and SmartPrint BioTemp, / MMTech) were printed (Photon, Anycubic Technology Co.). A milled material (VitaCAD-Temp, VITA) was used as control. Half the specimens were sandblasted and the rest were untreated. Two blocks were bonded with the corresponding resin cement: PanaviaV5 (Kuraray Noritake) and RelyX Ultimate (3M Oral Care). After 24 hours, the bonded blocks were sectioned into 1 x 1 mm side sticks. Half the beams were tested for µTBS and the other half was thermocycled (5000 cycles, 30s dwell-time, 5s transfer time) before µTBS testing. A four way Generalized Linear Model (material*sandblasting*cement*aging) analysis was applied. VITA exhibited the lowest µTBS, regardless of the cement, sandblasting and thermocycling. Sandblasting significantly improved the µTBS of VIT, especially after aging, but did not improve the µTBS of 3D printed resins. Sandblasting was not beneficial for 3D printed resins, although is crucial for adhesive cementation of milled temporary resins. Airborne particle abrasion affects the integrity of 3D-printed resins, without producing a benefit on the microtensile bond strength of these materials. However, sandblasting is crucial to achieve a high bond strength on milled temporary resins.

Resumen Evaluar la resistencia adhesiva en microtracción (µTBS) de dos cementos resinosos a resinas CAD/CAM impresas y fresadas indicadas para restauraciones provisionales. Bloques (5 x 5 x 5mm) de tres resinas impresas (Cosmos3DTemp / Yller; Resilab3D Temp / Wilcos and SmartPrint BioTemp, / MMTech) y una resina fresada (VitaCAD-Temp, VITA) fueron fabricados. La mitad de los especímenes fueron arenados y el resto no recibió tratamiento mecánico. Dos bloques con condiciones de tratamiento iguales fueron cementados con cemento resinoso (PanaviaV5 / Kuraray Noritake y RelyX Ultimate / 3M Oral Care). Después de 24 horas los bloques fueron seccionados en palitos de 1 mm² de área. En la mitad de los especímenes se midió la TBS inmediatamente y el resto fue termociclado (5000 ciclos, 30s remojo, 5s transferencia) antes de la prueba de TBS. Se aplica un análisis estadístico por Modelo Linear General con 4 factores (material*arenado*cemento*termociclado). La resina VITA presentó la menor µTBS, independientemente del cemento usado, el arenado y el termociclado. Sin embargo, el arenado aumentó la µTBS de VIT, especialmente después del termociclado. Por otro lado, el arenado no resultó en un aumento significativo de la µTBS de las resinas impresas. El arenado no fue beneficiosos para las resinas impresas, aunque es un paso crucial para la cementación adhesive de las resinas fresadas. El arenado afecta la integridad de las capas de las resinas impresas, sin generar un beneficio en la TBS.

Aumento do Rebordo Alveolar com Enxerto em Bloco Impresso Personalizado: Relato de Caso / Alveolar ridge augmentation with custom 3D-printed block graft: Case report

A utilização da tecnologia CAD/CAM (computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing) e 3D (tridimensional) para reconstruções alveolares na implantodontia permite o planejamento pré-operatório detalhado, o design do resultado desejado do enxerto e a avaliação virtual do resultado em relação à reconstrução protética. Este trabalho objetiva detalhar a técnica cirúrgica de enxerto ósseo sintético confeccionado por meio dessa tecnologia, seguido da instalação de implantes osseointegráveis e reabilitação protética em um defeito ósseo na mandíbula. Paciente masculino, 22 anos, compareceu à clínica por avulsão dos elementos 32, 31, 41 e 42 com significativa perda óssea vertical de rebordo alveolar. Devido à extensa perda óssea, realizou-se enxerto em bloco prototipado impresso. O escaneamento intraoral e os arquivos de imagem gerados foram enviados ao centro de planejamento virtual. Primeiramente, foi realizada a cirurgia para instalação do enxerto em bloco. Após o período de cicatrização, foi realizada cirurgia para instalação de dois implantes osseointegráveis. Esperado o período de três meses a partir da instalação dos implantes, foi realizada a confecção de próteses provisórias fixas sobre implantes a fim de realizar o condicionamento dos tecidos moles peri-implantares e o carregamento progressivo dos implantes. O aumento do rebordo alveolar através do uso de enxerto em bloco impresso personalizado apresentou-se como uma técnica com inúmeras vantagens, por não necessitar de sítio doador, reduzir tempo cirúrgico e apresentar perfeita adaptação do bloco ao defeito ósseo, resultando em menor morbidade pós-operatória. Essa técnica é uma indicação para casos de defeitos ósseos severos, visando a otimizar o resultado e a propiciar menor desconforto ao paciente.

The use of the technology CAD/CAM (computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing) and 3D (three dimensional) to alveolar reconstructions in implant dentistry allows detailed preoperative planning, the design of the desired grafting result, and the virtual evaluation of the result in relation to the prosthetic reconstruction. This paper aims to details the synthetic bone graft made through this technology, followed by the installation of osseointegrated implants and prosthetic rehabilitation in a bone imperfection in the jaw. A 22-year-old man attended the clinic due to a tooth avulsion of the four lower incisors with significant vertical bone loss of alveolar ridge. Because of the extensive bone loss, it was made a prototyped printed block graft. The intraoral scan and the generated image files were sent to the virtual planning center. First, it was necessary a surgery to install the block graft. After the healing process, it was made a surgery to put two osseointegrated implants. Three months later, temporary fixed prostheses on implants were made to conditioning the peri-implant soft tissues and the progressive loading of the implants. The increase of the alveolar ridge using personalized printed block graft was presented as a technique with numerous advantages, since it does not require a donor site, reduces the surgical time and presents perfect adaptation of the block to the bone imperfection, resulting in a less postoperative morbidity. This technique is indicated to cases of severe bone imperfections, aims to optimize results, and provide less discomfort to the patient.

Anatomía de la cámara pulpar y sistema de conductos radiculares: Estrategias pedagógicas unarevisión de literatura / Anatomy of the pulp chamber and the root canal system: Pedagogical strategiesAliterature review

Antecedentes: El conocimiento anatómico de la cámara pulpar y del sistema de conductos radiculareses fundamental para el correcto diagnóstico y planificación del tratamiento en endodoncia. Las herramientas pedagógicasdirigidasa los estudiantes de odontologíacomo apoyo en los procesos formativosde la asignatura de endodoncia favorecen la apropiación del conocimiento e identificación de las variantes morfológicas del sistema de conductos radiculares, que permiten al estudiantela integración del conocimiento. Objetivo:Identificar mediante una revisión de la literatura las estrategias pedagógicas que se utilizan para la enseñanza de morfología del sistema de conductos radiculares en endodoncia. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de estudios originales en las bases de datos Medline (Pubmed), SciELO, Lilacs, Medline (Ovid), Web of science, Scopus, Embase, Google académico, eligiendo estudios publicadosa partir del año 2010 al 2022, para la selección de los artículos definitivos se seleccionaron estudios concernientes a procesos pedagógicos en endodoncia, excluyendo así otros tipos de enfoques en el área de odontología. Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 63 referencias, los cuales fueron analizados y seleccionados16, siendo excluidos 47 por no cumplir los criterios de inclusión. Conclusión: El uso de herramientas pedagógicas virtuales, didácticas y tecnológicas propician un efecto positivo en el estudiante de pregrado de odontología durante el aprendizaje de anatomía de sistemas de conductos radiculares que aumentan la confianza y seguridad al momento de realizar un tratamiento endodóntico en pacientes

Background: Anatomical knowledge of the pulp chamber and the root canal system is essential for correct diagnosis and treatment planning in endodontics. The pedagogical tools aimed at dental students as support in the training processes of the endodontics subject favor the appropriation of knowledge and identification of the morphological variants of the root canal system, which allow the student the integration of knowledge. Objective: To identify, through a review of the literature, the pedagogical strategies used to teach morphology of the root canal system in endodontics. Materials and methods: A bibliographic search of original studies was carried out in the Medline (Pubmed), SciELO, Lilacs, Medline (Ovid), Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google academic databases, choosing studies published from 2010 to 2022. , for the selection of the definitive articles, studies concerning pedagogical processes in endodontics were selected, thus excluding other types of approaches in the area of dentistry. Results: A total of 63 references were identified, 16 of which were analyzed and selected, 47 being excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria. Conclusion: The use of virtual, didactic and technological pedagogical tools favor a positive effect on the dentistry undergraduate student while learning the anatomy of root canal systems that increase confidence and security when performing endodontic treatment in patients.

Explaining Skeletal System Anatomy with Classical Method, Video Assisted Method and 3D Imaging Techniques and Comparison of Learning Levels Between Methods

SUMMARY: The aim of this research is to introduce the ideal lecture technique to the literature by explaining the anatomy of the skeletal system using the classical method, video-assisted method and 3D imaging techniques. The research was carried out with 180 students. The number of samples was determined by power analysis (a=0.05,b=0.20, effect size=0.25). Participants were pre-screened and divided into 4 groups with the closest group mean (group 1: control group: the group that did not take anatomy lessons, group 2: video-assisted anatomy education, group 3: 3D anatomy course, group 4: classical anatomy education group). The courses in the training groups were organised as 4 hours/day, 2 days/week for 5 weeks. At the end of the course, the students were re-examined and scaled to determine the difference in scores and self-efficacy between the groups. A one-way ANOVA test was performed because the data were normally distributed when comparing between groups. The mean scores were calculated as group 1=30.22±6.24, group 2=39.02±9.15, group 3=49.77±9.20 and group 4=59.28±8.95. In the post hoc comparison, in pairwise comparisons between all groups, the differences were highly significant (pgroup 3>group 2>group 1 (p<0.001). According to the results of this study, the laboratory method in skeletal anatomy teaching is the best alternative to 3D anatomy teaching.

El objetivo de esta investigación es introducir la técnica de lectura ideal en la literatura, explicando la anatomía del sistema esquelético, utilizando el método clásico, el método asistido por video y las técnicas de imágenes en 3D. La investigación se llevó a cabo con 180 estudiantes. El número de muestras se determinó mediante análisis de potencia (a=0,05, b=0,20, tamaño del efecto=0,25). Los participantes fueron preseleccionados y divididos en 4 grupos con la media de grupo más cercana (grupo 1: grupo de control: el grupo que no tomó lecciones de anatomía, grupo 2: educación de anatomía asistida por video, grupo 3: curso de anatomía 3D, grupo 4: grupo de educación en anatomía clásica). Los cursos en los grupos de formación se organizaron con 4 horas/día, 2 días/semana durante 5 semanas. Al final del curso, los estudiantes fueron reexaminados y escalados para determinar la diferencia en puntajes y autoeficacia entre los grupos. Se realizó una prueba de ANOVA de una vía debido a que los datos se distribuyeron normalmente al comparar entre grupos. Las puntuaciones medias se calcularon como grupo 1=30,22±6,24, grupo 2=39,02±9,15, grupo 3=49,77±9,20 y grupo 4=59,28±8,95. En la comparación post hoc, en comparaciones por pares entre todos los grupos, las diferencias fueron altamente significativas (pgrupo 3>grupo 2>grupo 1 (p<0,001). Según los resultados de este estudio, el método de laboratorio en la enseñanza de la anatomía esquelética es la mejor alternativa a la enseñanza de la anatomía en 3D.

3D Foot Anthropometric Measurements Under Two Weight- Bearing Conditions for Ergonomic Design of Foot-Related Products / Mediciones Antropométricas del Pie en 3D Bajo Dos Condiciones de Soporte de Peso para el Diseño Ergonómico de Productos Relacionados con los Pies

SUMMARY: This study collected 3D models of the left and right feet from 317 Chinese youth (155 females and 162 males) under half weight-bearing and no weight-bearing conditions. Thirteen dimensions and one angle were taken for each sample. By measuring 13 foot dimensions and 1 angle, this study comprehensively investigated the differences in foot shape between genders and the bilateral differences, as well as the foot shape differences under different conditions. The results showed that regardless of the condition, male foot dimensions were significantly larger than those of females. However, female foot shape was not simply a scaled-down version of male foot shape. On the contrary, the average angle of female feet was greater than that of males under both conditions, indicating a higher prevalence of hallux valgus in females. Both males and females exhibited significant correlation in foot dimensions between the left and right feet, with minimal differences. Under the half weight-bearing condition, the average foot length, width, and circumference were significantly larger than the corresponding measurements under the no weight-bearing condition, while the average height and angle were significantly smaller. Therefore, when designing footwear and foot-related medical rehabilitation aids, it is important to consider foot shape and dimensions under different conditions as a reference. The results of this study provide manufacturers of foot- related products with more detailed data support and are of significant value to the field of medical foot morphology research.

Este estudio recolectó modelos 3D de los pies izquierdo y derecho de 317 jóvenes chinos (155 mujeres y 162 hombres) en condiciones de carga media de peso y sin carga de peso. Para cada muestra se tomaron trece dimensiones y un ángulo. Al medir 13 dimensiones del pie y 1 ángulo, se investigó exhaustivamente las diferencias en la forma del pie entre ambos sexos y sus diferencias bilaterales, así como las diferencias en la forma del pie en diferentes condiciones. Los resultados mostraron que, independientemente de la condición, las dimensiones del pie de los hombres, estos eran significativamente más grandes que los de las mujeres. Sin embargo, la forma del pie femenino no era simplemente una versión reducida de la forma del pie masculino. Por el contrario, el ángulo promedio de los pies de las mujeres fue mayor que el de los hombres en ambas condiciones, lo que indica una mayor prevalencia de hallux valgus en las mujeres. Tanto hombres como mujeres exhibieron una correlación significativa en las dimensiones del pie, entre el pie izquierdo y el derecho, con diferencias mínimas. Bajo la condición de medio soporte de peso, la longitud, el ancho y la circunferencia promedio del pie fueron significativamente mayores que las medidas correspondientes bajo la condición sin soporte de peso, mientras que la altura y el ángulo promedio fueron significativamente más pequeños. Por lo tanto, al diseñar calzado y dispositivos médicos de rehabilitación relacionados con los pies, es importante tener en consideración la forma y las dimensiones del pie en diferentes condiciones como referencia. Los resultados de este estudio, brindan a los fabricantes de productos relacionados con los pies un soporte de datos más detallado y son de gran valor para el campo de la investigación médica de la morfología del pie.

3D Printing characteristics and mechanical properties of a bio scaffold obtained from a Micro-CT Scan, using the fused deposition modeling technique

The objective is to determine which biopolymer has the best 3D printing characteristics and mechanical properties for the manufacture of a bioscaffold, using the fused deposition printing technique, with models generated from an STL file obtained from a Micro-CT scan taken from a bovine iliac crest bone structure. Through an experimental exploratory study, three study groups of the analyzed biopolymers were carried out with thirteen printed structures of each one. The first is made of 100% PLA. The second, 90B, we added 1g of diatom extract, and the third, 88C, differs from the previous one in that it also contains 1g of calcium phosphate. The 39 printed structures underwent a visual inspection test, which required the fabrication of a gold standard scaffold in resin, with greater detail and similarity to the scanned bone structure. Finally, the structures were subjected to a compressive force (N) to obtain the modulus of elasticity (MPa) and compressive strength (MPa) of each one of them. A statistically significant difference (p=0.001) was obtained in the printing properties of the biomaterial 88C, compared to 90B and pure PLA and the 88C presented the best 3D printing characteristics. In addition, it also presented the best mechanical properties compared to the other groups of materials. Although the difference between these was not statistically significant (p=0.388), in the structures of the 88C biomaterial, values of compressive strength (8,84692 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (43,23615 MPa) were similar to those of cancellous bone in the jaws could be observed. Because of this result, the 88C biomaterial has the potential to be used in the manufacture of bioscaffolds in tissue engineering.

El objetivo es determinar cuál biopolímero presenta las mejores características de impresión 3D y propiedades mecánicas para la fabricación de un bioandamiaje, utilizando la técnica de impresión por deposición fundida, con modelos generados a partir de un archivo en formato STL que se obtuvo de un Micro-CT Scan de una estructura osea de cresta iliaca bovina. Mediante un estudio exploratorio, se realizaron 3 grupos de estudio con trece estructuras impresas de cada uno. El primero, se compone 100% de PLA. El segundo, 90B, se le agrega 1g de extracto de diatomea, y el tercero, 88C, se diferencia del anterior ya que contiene además, 1g de fosfato de calcio. A las 39 estructuras impresas se les realizó una prueba de inspección visual, por lo que se requirió la confección de un patrón de oro en resina, con mayor detalle y similitud a la estructura ósea escaneada. Finalmente, las estructuras fueron sometidas a una fuerza compresiva (N) para la obtención del módulo de elasticidad (MPa) y de la resistencia compresiva (MPa) de cada una de ellas. Se obtuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,001) en las propiedades de impresión del biomaterial 88C, con respecto al 90B y al PLA puro, presentando las mejores características de impresión 3D. Además, obtuvo las mejores propiedades mecánicas en comparación con los otros grupos de materiales. Aunque la diferencia entre estos no fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0,388), en las estructuras del biomaterial 88C, se pudieron observar valores de resistencia compresiva (8,84692 MPa) y módulo de elasticidad (43,23615 MPa) que son semejantes a los del hueso esponjoso de los maxilares. A razón de este resultado, el biomaterial 88C cuenta con el potencial para ser utilizado en la fabricación de bioandamiajes en la ingeniería tisular.

Nuevos Recursos Digitales y 3D en la Enseñanza de Anatomía. Experiencia Internacional Reportada en el "Sectra Users Meeting 2019", Karolinska Institutet, Suecia, antes de la Pandemia de COVID-19 / New Digital and 3D Resources in the Teaching of Anatomy. International Experience Reported in the "Sectra Users Meeting 2019", Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, Before the Pandemic COVID-19

El uso de nuevos recursos tecnológicos en la enseñanza de anatomía ha impulsado la necesidad de adaptar el modelo educativo haciéndolo más centrado en el estudiante, dinámico y participativo mediante herramientas digitales y 3D; orientando los conocimientos hacia su aplicación clínica, pero bajo un ajuste curricular que tiende a cursar menos horas presenciales en aula o laboratorio. Este trabajo describe la experiencia local de una nueva Escuela de Medicina en Chile, reportada el año 2018, además y otros trabajos de centros formadores presentados en el "SECTRA Users Meeting 2019 Estocolmo", Karolinska Institutet, Suecia. Este trabajo describe los reportes orales sobre la aplicación de nuevos recursos digitales como; la mesa de disección digital táctil SECTRA® y modelos anatómicos cadavéricos impresos en 3D Erler-Zimmer®, bases de datos sobre anatomía digital, además, su impacto en el desempeño académico, reportado por usuarios de diferentes países, tales como: Australia, Canadá, Chile, China, Colombia, Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (EUA) y Suecia. Los datos fueron recopilados y analizados a partir de la información reportada en las presentaciones orales y resúmenes entregados por los expositores. La gran mayoría de los países expositores declararon el uso combinado de recursos digitales y 3D sumados a los tradicionales para la enseñanza de anatomía. Sólo el representante de EUA declaró usar exclusivamente recursos digitales (en laboratorio y en línea), experiencia correspondiente a una joven e innovadora escuela de medicina. La mayoría de los centros docentes declaró utilizar la mesa de disección digital en una amplia proporción de sus contenidos curriculares, en asociación a plataformas tipo RIS/PACS como IDS7 portal de SECTRA o las utilizadas por el centro formador. El uso de nuevas tecnologías digitales y 3D ha ganado un importante espacio en el currículum de la enseñanza de anatomía, complementando el uso de los recursos tradicionales.

SUMMARY: The use of new technological resources in the teaching of anatomy has promoted the need to adapt the educational model, making it more student-centered, dynamic, and participatory through digital and 3D tools, directing the knowledge towards its clinical application, but under a curricular adjustment that tends to take fewer contact hours in the classroom or laboratory. This work describes the local experience of a new School of Medicine in Chile, reported in 2018, and other work from training centers presented at the "SECTRA Users Meeting 2019 Stockholm", Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. This work describes the oral reports on the application of new digital resources such as; the SECTRA® digital tactile dissection table and Erler- Zimmer® 3D printed cadaveric anatomical models, databases on digital anatomy, in addition, its impact on academic performance, reported by users from different countries, such as Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, United States of America (USA) and Sweden. The data was collected and analyzed from the information reported in the oral presentations and summaries delivered by the speakers.The vast majority of the exhibiting countries declared the combined use of digital and 3D resources added to the traditional ones for teaching anatomy. Only the representative from the USA stated that they exclusively used digital resources (in the laboratory and online), an experience corresponding to a young and innovative medical school. Most of the educational centers stated that they used the digital dissection table in a large proportion of their curricular contents, in association with RIS/PACS-type platforms such as the IDS7 SECTRA portal or those used by the training center. The use of new digital and 3D technologies has gained an important space in the anatomy teaching curriculum, complementing the use of traditional resources.

El efecto de la poda de Acropora palmata como estrategia para la obtención de tejido vivo en acciones de restauración arrecifal

Introducción: Los arrecifes de coral son ecosistemas altamente degradados, por lo que ha sido necesario implementar acciones de restauración activa para recuperar su estructura y funcionamiento. Se ha implementado la propagación clonal para obtener fragmentos pequeños (~ 10 cm) de las ramas distales de colonias donadoras de corales de la especie Acropora palmata, para posteriormente fijarlos en el sustrato arrecifal, simulando el efecto de dispersión que ocurre de manera natural en esta especie, a lo que en este trabajo se denomina ''dispersión asistida". Sin embargo, es necesario evaluar los efectos de esta técnica como son: la cantidad de fragmentos que se puede obtener de cada colonia, el periodo de recuperación de tejido de las colonias donadoras y los fragmentos sembrados. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de poda en las colonias donadoras estimando el porcentaje de tejido podado de colonias donadoras de A. palmata y su tasa de recuperación 30 meses después. Métodos: Se realizaron cuatro monitoreos: antes, inmediatamente después de la poda, un mes después de la siembra, y 30 meses después, en cuatro colonias de A. palmata localizadas en el Parque Nacional Costa Occidental de Isla Mujeres, Punta Cancún y Punta Nizuc en el Caribe mexicano. La modelación 3D basada en fotogrametría se realizó con el software Agisoft Metashape Pro, mientras que las métricas de área de superficie de tejido, extensión radial y apical se obtuvieron mediante el software CloudCompare. Resultados: Posterior a la colecta de fragmentos de las colonias, se observó que el material utilizado en la dispersión asistida representa menos del 12% del tejido vivo. Después de un mes, las colonias donadoras presentaban una recuperación del 5% con tejido nuevo recubriendo las áreas de corte. Las colonias donadoras perdieron, en promedio, 65% de tejido vivo tras el impacto de cuatro huracanes, y en un caso la colonia fue totalmente eliminada, pero con los fragmentos sembrados se pudo conservar el genotipo. Conclusiones: La dispersión asistida podría incrementar el tejido vivo de corales ramificados en intervalos de tiempo relativamente cortos, sin comprometer la integridad de la colonia donadora, si se poda menos del 12%.

Introduction: Coral reefs are highly degraded ecosystems, for which it has been necessary to implement active restoration actions to recover their structure and functioning. Asexual propagation has been implemented to obtain small fragments (~10 cm) from the distal branches of donor colonies of corals of the species Acropora palmata, to subsequently relocate them in the reef substrate, simulating the dispersion effect that occurs naturally in the species, which in this work is called assisted propagation. However, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of this technique, such as the number of fragments that can be obtained from each colony, the tissue recovery period of the donor colonies and fragments. Objective: To address the effect of pruning on donor colonies by estimating the percentage of live tissue removed from donor colonies of A. palmata and their recovery rate after 30-months. Methods: Four surveys were carried out: before, immediately after pruning, one month after outplanting, and 30 months after pruning on four colonies of A. palmata located in the Parque Nacional Costa Occidental de Isla Mujeres, Punta Cancún and Punta Nizuc in the Mexican Caribbean. Photogrammetry-based 3D modeling was performed using Agisoft Metashape Pro software, while tissue surface area, radial and apical growth were obtained using CloudCompare software. Results: After fragment collection, the material used in the assisted propagation represents less than 12% of the living tissue. After one month, the donor colonies showed a recovery of 5%, with new tissue covering the cut areas. The donor colonies lost on average 65 % of living tissue after four hurricanes, and in one case the colony was lost all together, but with the outplanted fragments the genotype could be preserved. Conclusions: Assisted propagation could increase living tissue of branching corals in relatively short intervals of time, without serious damage to the donor colony if less than 12 % is removed.

Guided Endodontic Surgery ? Case Series

This case report describes three cases in which periapical surgeries were carried out using a new surgical endodontic technique by using a three?dimensional (3D) printed template for guided osteotomy and root resection. In Case 1, the data obtained from preoperative CT scan and cast scan were transferred to a surgical planning software. The surgical template was printed using a 3D printer. Using the template, osteotomy and root?end resection were precisely carried out. In Case 2, after CBCT imaging, data were transferred to stereolithography and a 3D model was fabricated. With the help of the 3D model, a template was fabricated using tray material. This guided surgical template minimized the extent of osteotomy and enabled precise targeting of the apex. In Case 3, a preoperative CT scan aided in the fabrication of a surgical 3D template. The template assisted in the precise removal of the overlying cortical bone.

Prototyping and 3D printing of computed tomography images with an emphasis on soft tissues, especially muscles, for teaching human anatomy / Prototipado e impresión 3D de imágenes de tomografía computarizada con énfasis en los tejidos blandos, especialmente músculos, para la enseñanza de la anatomía humana

SUMMARY: The study on cadavers, although considered fundamental in the teaching of human anatomy, is limited in several universities, mainly due to the acquisition and manipulation of cadaveric material. Throughout history, several artificial anatomical models have been used to complement the real anatomical pieces. The present study offers a new alternative: the making of three-dimensional models from Computed Tomography (3D-CT) patient image acquisition. CT images from the USP University Hospital database were used. Patients underwent examinations for reasons other than the present study and were anonymized to maintain confidentiality. The CT slices obtained in thin cross-sections (approximately 1.0 mm thick) were converted into three-dimensional images by a technique named Volume Rendering for visualization of soft tissue and bone. The reconstructions were then converted to an STL (Standard Triangle Language) model and printed through two printers (LONGER LK4 Pro® and Sethi S3®), using PLA and ABS filaments. The 3D impressions of the thigh and leg muscles obtained better visual quality, being able to readily identify the local musculature. The images of the face, heart, and head bones, although easily identifiable, although seemed to present lower quality aesthetic results. This pilot study may be one of the first to perform 3D impressions of images from CT to visualize the musculature in Brazil and may become an additional tool for teaching.

El estudio en cadáveres, a pesar de considerarse un aspecto fundamental en la enseñanza de la anatomía humana, se encuentra limitado en varias universidades, principalmente por la adquisición y manipulación de material cadavérico. A lo largo de la historia se han utilizado varios modelos anatómicos artificiales para complementar las piezas anatómicas reales. El presente estudio ofrece una nueva alternativa: la elaboración de modelos tridimensionales a partir de la adquisición de imágenes de pacientes por Tomografía Computarizada (3D-CT). Se utilizaron imágenes de TC de la base de datos del Hospital Universitario de la USP. Los pacientes se sometieron a exámenes por razones distintas al presente estudio y fueron anonimizados para mantener la confidencialidad. Los cortes de TC obtenidos en secciones transversales delgadas (aproximadamente 1,0 mm de grosor) se convirtieron en imágenes tridimensionales mediante una técnica denominada Volume Rendering para la visualización de tejido blando y hueso. Luego, las reconstrucciones se convirtieron a un modelo STL (Standard Triangle Language) y se imprimieron a través de dos impresoras (LONGER LK4 Pro® y Sethi S3®), utilizando filamentos PLA y ABS. Se obtuvo una mejor calidad visual de las impresiones 3D de los músculos del muslo y la pierna, pudiendo identificar fácilmente la musculatura local. Las imágenes de la cara, el corazón y los huesos de la cabeza, aunque fácilmente identificables, parecían presentar resultados estéticos de menor calidad. Este estudio piloto puede ser uno de los primeros en realizar impresiones 3D de imágenes de TC para visualizar la musculatura y podría ser en una herramienta adicional para la enseñanza.

Designing and making an open source, 3D-printed, punctal plug with drug delivery system

With the advancement in the study of keratoconjunctivitis sicca and the scope of its treatment, punctal plugs are being widely used for the therapeutic management of dry eye disease. With the emergence of 3D printing in medicine, 3D printing of punctal plugs that have an inbuilt drug delivery system and also that can be personalized from patient to patient according to their punctum size can be a great therapeutic option. Another benefit of the device is that its printing takes a short period of time and is cost-effective. This study aimed at making an open source design and 3D printing an efficient model of a punctal plug with an inbuilt drug delivery system that can be eventually used for the treatment of various ocular diseases that require frequent drug instillation or blockage of the nasolacrimal pathway. The 3D design for the punctal plug was made using the open source application, FreeCAD, and slicing was done using the application ChituBox. After that, the plugs were printed using the LCD printer Crealty LD-002R. The material used was resin that was compatible with the Crealty LD-002R. Punctal plugs with satisfactory results were printed using the LCD printer. The punctal plugs showed suitable structure and were also easily reproduced in the 3D printer without any complications or setbacks.

Clinical effect of minimally invasive catheterization based on computer 3D-Slicer software system in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of minimally invasive catheterization based on computer 3D-Slicer software system in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH).Methods:Three hundred and fifty patients with HICH treated in People′s Hospital of Lanling County in Shandongfrom June 2019 to June 2020 were selected as the research object. According to the operation method, they were divided into 3D-Slicer group (175 cases) and CT group (175 cases). They were treated with 3D-Slicer software-assisted minimally invasive catheterization and minimally invasive soft-channel drainage under CT localization, respectively. The general conditions of the surgery, hematoma clearance rate and laboratory indexes, oxidative stress index and prognosis were compared between the two groups.Results:The intraoperative blood loss, the hospitalizationtimein the 3D-Slicer group were lower than those in the CT group: (81.42 ± 12.33) ml vs. (101.54 ± 11.71) ml, (15.67 ± 3.71) d vs. (17.22 ± 3.52) d; the success rate of one-time successful puncture to preset position in the 3D-Slicer group was higher than that in the CT group: 100.00%(175/175) vs. 81.14%(142/175), there were statistical differences ( χ 2 = 34.26, P<0.05). The hematoma clearance rate after the surgery for 1, 3 and 7d in the 3D-Slicer group were higher than those in the CT group:(87.93 ± 8.54)% vs. (66.43 ± 7.99)%, (92.48 ± 10.31)% vs. (89.52 ± 11.74)%, (96.37 ± 10.22)% vs. (94.30 ± 9.25)%, there were statistical differences( P<0.05). After the surgery for 7 d, the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the 3D-Slicer group were higher than those in the CT group: (121.36 ± 10.59)U/L vs. (109.14 ± 9.05) U/L, (92.80 ± 8.63) μg/L vs. (81.45 ± 9.11) μg/L, (24.64 ± 5.43) U/L vs. (20.84 ± 3.47) U/L; while the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower than that in the CT group: (4.42 ± 0.57)μmol/L vs. (5.19 ± 0.51) μmol/L, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). After the surgery for 3 months, the rate of favorable prognosis in the 3D-Slicer group was higher than that in the CT group 73.71%(129/175) vs. 62.29%(199/175), there was statistical difference ( χ2 = 5.25, P<0.05). Conclusions:Minimally invasive catheterization based on 3D-Slicer software system in the treatment of HICH can not only improve the clinical efficacy, but also shorten the hospitalization time, reduce intraoperative blood loss, and improve the prognosis.

Evaluation of the effect of serious game teaching method in the cultivation of clinical reasoning and reflection ability of pediatric practice nurses / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To develop serious games for pediatrics and to explore the effect of cultivating the clinical reasoning and reflection ability of pediatric trainee nurses.Methods:This was a non-randomized controlled trial study. The convenience sampling method was used to select 88 pediatric trainee nurses in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from April 2021 to January 2022. They were divided into the control group and the experimental group with 44 cases in each group by the method of random sampling. The control group was given clinical practice teaching in pediatrics according to the practice syllabus. Based on the teaching events of Gagne, the teaching links of serious games were designed, and teaching was carried out to the experimental group. The clinical reasoning and reflection ability, learning satisfaction and self-confidence of the two groups of pediatric trainee nurses before and after teaching were evaluated by the Self-Assessment of Clinical Reasoning and Reflection, Student Learning Satisfaction and Self-Confidence Scale, and examination scores of the two groups of pediatric trainee nurses were evaluated.Results:There was no significant difference in the clinical reasoning and reflection ability, learning satisfaction and self-confidence before teaching between the two groups( P>0.05). The total score of clinical reasoning and reflection evaluation after teaching was (101.13±6.69) points in the experimental group, which was higher than that in the control group (94.57 ± 8.86) points, the difference was statistically significant ( t=-3.92, P<0.05). The learning satisfaction and self-confidence scores after teaching were (20.82 ± 2.16), (33.20 ± 1.47) points in the experimental group, which were higher than those in the control group (19.52 ± 2.30), (31.89 ± 2.44) points, the differences were statistically significant ( t=-2.33, -3.07, both P<0.05). The scores on the theory and skill examination in the experimental group were also better than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant ( t values were -2.59--2.14, all P<0.05). Conclusions:The serious game teaching method can effectively improve the clinical reasoning and reflection ability, practical learning satisfaction, self-confidence, and graduation performance of pediatric nursing interns, which can provide a reference for the reform of pediatric nursing practice teaching.

Analysis of the efficacy of 3D printing-assisted hematoma puncture and drainage in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and the factors of postoperative brain dysfunction / 国际外科学杂志

Objective:To observe the efficacy of 3D printing-assisted hematoma puncture and drainage in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and to explore the factors affecting postoperative brain dysfunction.Methods:A retrospective Case-control study was conducted to select 168 hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage patients who were treated with 3D printing assisted hematoma puncture and drainage in the People′s Hospital of Yuechi County from January 2020 to September 2022 as the observation group, and 125 hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage patients who were treated with CT guided hematoma puncture and drainage in the People′s Hospital of Yuechi County at the same time as the control group. The clinical efficacy of the two groups of patients was compared. According to the occurrence of postoperative brain dysfunction, the patients in the observation group were divided into normal brain function group ( n=121) and brain dysfunction group ( n=47). The clinical data of age, preoperative cerebral hernia, blood loss, ventilator-assisted ventilation, postoperative Glasgow coma index score (GCS) and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors affecting postoperative brain dysfunction in the observation group, and a line chart model was constructed and its predictive efficiency was evaluated. The measurement data of normal distribution is expressed as mean ± standard deviation ( ± s), and independent sample t-test is used for inter group comparison. Chi-square test was used for comparison between count data groups. Results:The proportion of the drainage tube in the hematoma, hematoma clearance rate at 3 and 7 days after surgery, total effective rate of treatment, and GCS score at 1 week after surgery in the observation group were 88.69%(149/168), 54.17%(91/168), 96.43%(162/168), 92.86%(156/168), and 10.72±3.45, respectively, the control group was 75.20%(94/125), 36.80%(46/125), 81.60%(102/125), 76.80%(96/125), and 9.08±3.22, respectively, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Advanced age ( OR=1.983, 95% CI: 1.169-2.732, P=0.017), preoperative cerebral hernia ( OR=1.532, 95% CI: 1.113-2.139, P=0.029), bleeding volume ≥ 50 mL ( OR=2.538, 95% CI: 1.802-3.347, P=0.003), postoperative GCS score 3-5 ( OR=2.874, 95% CI: 2.265-3.449, P<0.001), postoperative hypoxemia ( OR=2.251, 95% CI: 1.673-2.842, P=0.010) and postoperative chronic hydrocephalus ( OR=1.642, 95% CI: 1.214-2.021, P=0.022) were risk factors for postoperative brain dysfunction, while ventilator-assisted ventilation ( OR=0.656, 95% CI: 0.132-0.828, P=0.038) was protective factors. The internal verification of the line chart model by Bootstrap resampling method shows that the model has high differentiation, accuracy and validity. Conclusion:The application of 3D printing-assisted localization in hematoma puncture and drainage can improve the puncture condition and the hematoma clearance rate and clinical effect of patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Advanced age, preoperative cerebral hernia and bleeding volume are related to postoperative brain dysfunction. Clinical attention should be paid to patients with risk indicators of postoperative brain dysfunction.

Application of 3D printing in surgical treatment of hepatobiliary malignancies / 国际外科学杂志

At present, surgical treatment is the most effective method for the treatment of hepatobiliary malignant tumor. However, due to the complex anatomical structure of hepatobiliary region, accompanied by vascular variation, and with the continuous update of medical concepts, the requirements for surgery are more strict. Traditional imaging examination has reached a bottleneck in the support of surgical treatment, while 3D printing technology is compared with the former. It showed strong advantages in preoperative program planning and improving the effect of intraoperative precise resection. At the same time, it also shows great potential for medical assistance and disease treatment in the production of bioactive models, and 3D printing technology has obviously enhanced the understanding of surgery for young doctors, and medical staff can create a variety of highly practical 3D printing models under the existing conditions. In the future, it is expected to overcome the limitations of materials and technology and bring higher therapeutic benefits for the majority of patients.

Detection of Calreticulin as a Candidate Prognostic Biomarker in Invasive Breast Carcinoma from a Biological Scaffold-Based 3D Co-culture System

@#Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the world’s second leading cause of death in women, after lung cancer. Calreticulin (CRT), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) multipurpose protein, has been proposed as a potential biomarker for breast cancer. However, reports on the correlation between CRT expression and cell invasiveness in breast cancer micro-tissues are scarce. Thus, in the current study, we analyzed the potential correlation between CRT and invasiveness of breast cancer in a biological scaffold-based 3D co-culture system. Methods: MCF7, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A breast cell lines were co-cultured in a 3-dimensional (3D) system with MRC-5 lung fibroblast cell line in the cell density ratio of 3:1. Thereafter, calreticulin gene and protein expression levels were determined based on quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Moreover, via RT-qPCR analysis, the gene expression levels of calreticulin-related candidate metastasis genes in breast cancer micro-tissues were carried out. Results: The results showed occasional foci of lumen-like morphology in the non-cancerous breast micro-tissues and the formation of solid clusters for breast cancer micro-tissues. Moreover, immunohistochemistry results revealed protein expression of calreticulin in non-cancerous and cancerous breast micro-tissues with cytoplasmic and nucleic acid localizations. It was found that PCMT1 and ER-α genes were significantly downregulated (p < 0.01) in invasive breast cancer micro-tissues. Conclusion: This study suggests that CRT and CRT-related candidate metastasis genes may potentially serve as prognostic biomarkers in invasive breast carcinoma.

Structural Design and Optimization of Cushioning Insole with Variable Stiffness / 医用生物力学

Objective An X-shaped cushioning insole with variable stiffness was designed to explore its effects on plantar pressure and internal stress of diabetic patients with toe amputation. Methods Based on CT images, the feet-calf finite element model of diabetic patients with toe amputation was established, and the insole was divided into different areas according to distribution characteristics of the planter pressure. The three-dimensional (3D) printed cushioning insole with an X-shaped sandwich structure was designed. The modulus of the sandwichstructure was changed by changing thickness of the sandwich structure panel. For simulation analysis, the divided area was filled with the X-shaped sandwich structure with different modulus. Results The peak plantar pressure of diabetic patients with toe amputation was in calcaneal region, and the combined insoles with 1. 2 mpanel thickness in toe area, 1. 4 mm panel thickness in metatarsal area, 2. 0 mm panel thickness in middle area and 1. 6 mm panel thickness in heel area had the best decompression effect. Compared with bare feet, the peak pressure in heel area of the insole, the peak pressure in phalangeal head area and the stress in plantar softissues were reduced by 40. 18% , 31. 7% , and 50. 44% , respectively. Conclusions The 3D printed insoles with variable stiffness can effectively reduce surface pressure and internal stress of the sole and reduce probability of the 2nd toe amputation